Cross-stratum optimization protocol across an interface between the service stratum and the transport stratum

ABSTRACT

An apparatus comprising an application cross-stratum optimization (CSO) gateway (ACG) coupled to an application layer that handles a plurality of servers, a network CSO gateway (NCG) coupled to a network layer that handles a plurality of network nodes and configured to communicate with the ACG using a CSO protocol (CSOP), and a CSO interface established between the ACG and the NCG that enables the exchange of a plurality of CSOP messages to allow joint application-network resource allocation, provisioning, and optimization. Also disclosed is a network apparatus implemented method comprising sending a user profile from a user plane to an application plane, sending an application profile from the application plane to a network plane via a CSO interface between an ACG and a NCG, and sending network capability information from the network plane to the application plane via the CSO interface.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/876,313 filed Oct. 6, 2015 by Young Lee et al., and entitled “Cross-Stratum Optimization Protocol (CSOP),” which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/216,808 filed Aug. 24, 2011 by Young Lee et al., now U.S. Pat. No. 9,184,983, and entitled “Cross-Stratum Optimization Protocol,” which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/377,361, filed Aug. 26, 2010 by Young Lee et al., and entitled “Method and System for Cross-Stratum Optimization,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/377,352, filed Aug. 26, 2010 by Young Lee et al., and entitled “Cross-Stratum Optimization Protocol,” all of which are incorporated herein by reference as if reproduced in their entirety.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

REFERENCE TO A MICROFICHE APPENDIX

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND

Network carriers, also referred to sometimes as telecommunications operators or communications service providers, that run existing networks desire to optimize the network utilization for passing traffic, such as Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, over a physical network, e.g., across the network layers 1 to 5. The optimized traffic may include traffic for triple play services (e.g., Video, Voice, and/or Data) and any type of bulk data. In existing networks, end-to-end services are typically set-up by Operational Support Systems (OSS) or provider specific network management service applications. Network carriers have suggested two different scenarios for optimizing network utilization and traffic: optimizing existing network services and enabling new/emerging network application services.

SUMMARY

In one embodiment, the disclosure includes an apparatus comprising an application cross-stratum optimization (CSO) gateway (ACG) coupled to an application layer that handles a plurality of servers, a network CSO gateway (NCG) coupled to a network layer that handles a plurality of network nodes and configured to communicate with the ACG using a CSO protocol (CSOP), and a CSO interface established between the ACG and the NCG that enables the exchange of a plurality of CSOP messages to allow joint application-network resource allocation, provisioning, and optimization

In another embodiment, the disclosure includes a network component comprising a receiver configured to receive a first CSOP message via a CSO interface established between an application plane and a network plane, and a plane controller configured to enable CSO between the application plane and the network plane by processing the first CSOP message to allocate, provision, or optimize joint application-network resource, and a transmitter configured to send a second CSOP message via the CSO interface in response to the first CSOP message or for CSO purpose.

In yet another embodiment, the disclosure includes a network apparatus implemented method comprising sending a user profile from a user plane to an application plane, sending an application profile from the application plane to a network plane via a CSO interface between an ACG and a NCG, and sending network capability information from the network plane to the application plane via the CSO interface.

These and other features will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of this disclosure, reference is now made to the following brief description, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a CSO architecture.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a CSO architecture.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a CSO architecture.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a CSOP scheme.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a CSOP message header.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an authentication profile object.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a service profile object.

FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a performance profile object.

FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a bandwidth profile object.

FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a connectivity mode profile object.

FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a location profile object.

FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an optional Type/Length/Value (TLV).

FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an optional TLV.

FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a protection profile object.

FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an optional TLV.

FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a path object.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an optional TLV.

FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an optional TLV.

FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an optional TLV.

FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a virtual network topology (VNT) object.

FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an optional TLV.

FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of an optional TLV.

FIG. 23 is a protocol diagram of an embodiment of a CSOP message exchange.

FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a network unit.

FIG. 25 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a general-purpose computer system.

FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of a CSO architecture.

FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of an interaction between a NCG and a path computation element.

FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a CSO multi-domain architecture.

FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a CSO multi-domain interaction with a multi-domain path computation element.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It should be understood at the outset that although an illustrative implementation of one or more embodiments are provided below, the disclosed systems and/or methods may be implemented using any number of techniques, whether currently known or in existence. The disclosure should in no way be limited to the illustrative implementations, drawings, and techniques illustrated below, including the exemplary designs and implementations illustrated and described herein, but may be modified within the scope of the appended claims along with their full scope of equivalents.

The provisioning and operation of new/emerging applications may involve resolving the server selection (SS) problem in the application stratum as well as the network provisioning in the underlying network stratum. The application stratum may include the applications and services implemented or running over the application and network layer, and the network stratum may include the transport, network, link, and physical layers or combinations thereof. Handling and coordinating service provisioning across both the application stratum and the network stratum is different from handling traditional services, such as network provisioning of end-to-end telecommunications services.

The CSO may enable new services, e.g., using multi-domain and/or multi-device optimization. The new services may include file distribution systems, streaming video services, video conferencing services, and grid computing. These services may use both mobile devices and fixed devices. File distribution systems and services began by accelerating the download of web pages, such as those with images, and then expanded to include software, audio, and video file delivery. The streaming services may be separated in two types, live and on-demand services. Multiple variants between these two types may also be created when pause or replay functionality is included in a live streaming service. The live streaming may be the case where the client is willing to receive the stream at its current play out point rather than at some pre-existing start point. On-demand services may provide additional technical challenges. Service providers may wish to avoid long start up service delays to retain customers, while at the same time batch together requests to save on server costs. Video conferencing moves from the point-to-multipoint scenario of streaming content distribution to a multipoint-to-multipoint situation. Further, there may be an additional hard Quality of Service (QoS) constraint on latency. Grid computing may have requirements for substantially large file transfer with reduced fan and larger file sizes.

One problem in interactions between the application stratum and the network stratum is the lack of an open standard interface that allows a proxy signaling between application and network strata. This may limit cross-stratum information sharing, feedback mechanism between strata, and integrated/synchronized resource allocation and re-configuration. This lack of coordination between the application and network strata may increase the potential for resource wastage, which may translate to a higher cost for both application and network operations.

Disclosed herein is a system and methods for providing a protocol specification to support CSO, which is referred to herein as a CSOP. The CSO may involve the integrated optimization of the application and network resources by providing an interface for interactions and exchanges between the two strata. The CSO may also include coordinating both application and network resources. The CSO may be achieved independent of any possible optimization for existing applications or services that run on a network.

Some of the terms used and described below with respect to CSO features include: ACG, NCG, CSOP, and profile. The ACG may be a CSO entity in the application stratum that is responsible for gathering application resources load and utilization, making resource allocation decisions, and interacting with the NCG. The NCG may be a CSO entity in the network stratum that is responsible for interacting with the ACG, triggering service request function to transport network entity responsible for provisioning, configuration, path estimation/computation and other network management/control functions. The CSOP may be a protocol that runs on an interface between an ACG and a NCG, as described further below. The profile may comprise information that describes the service requirement for an application. The profile may be generated by an ACG and communicated to a NCG via the CSOP, as described herein.

FIG. 1 illustrates embodiments of a CSO architecture 100. The CSO architecture 100 may comprise an application stratum 110 and a network stratum 120. The application stratum 110 may involve communications between a plurality of servers 112, which may be configured to implement or run applications for end-users or customers (not shown). The network stratum 120 may involve communications between a plurality of network nodes 122, such as bridges, routers, and/or switches, for forwarding data, e.g., packets, associated with the applications. The servers 112 may be located in a data center and the network nodes 122 may be located in a network coupled to the data center. The servers 112 may communicate with the network nodes 122 to enable servicing the user applications and forwarding or transporting the associated data. The CSO may be implemented to optimize the different operations of the servers 112 and the network nodes 122. The servers 112 may be located in the same data center or a sub-set of servers 112 may be located in multiple data centers.

In an embodiment, the data centers used to provide application services, such as cloud computing and other cloud services, at the application stratum 110 to the end-users may be distributed geographically around the network stratum 120. Thus, many decisions made in the control and management of application services, such as where to instantiate another service instance or to which data center a new client is assigned, may have a significant impact on the state of the network. The capabilities and state of the network may also have an impact on application performance.

Currently application decisions may be made with little or no information concerning the underlying network used to deliver those services. Hence, such decisions may be sub-optimal from both application and network resource utilization and from the achievement of QoS objectives. The CSO may provide a method and system to coordinate resource allocation between the application stratum 110 and the network stratum 120, e.g., in the context of cloud computing and data center networks. For instance, the CSO objectives may support network stratum 110 query from application, joint provisioning between application and network, and/or joint re-allocation of resources upon anomaly in both application and network. The CSO objectives may also provide application-aware network, network-aware application, and global load balancing capability.

Some of the objectives for optimizing the operations and/or interactions between the application stratum 110 and the network stratum 120, e.g., between the servers 112 and the network nodes 122, may include improving network capabilities, topology, provisioning, utilization monitoring, fault monitoring, or combinations thereof. For instance, the CSO objectives 100 may improve the exchange of either or both network capabilities or application demand/resource information, topology and/or traffic-engineering related information between the layers (virtualization/abstraction), or both. The CSO objectives may also improve initiating service instantiation of application to network with profile exchange (provisioning), exchanging application/network congestion/failure information (monitoring), or both.

FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of a CSO architecture 200 that may comprise an application stratum 210 and a network stratum 220. The application stratum 210 may handle communications between a plurality of servers 212 and the network stratum 220 may handle communications between a plurality of network nodes 222, which may be substantially similar to the servers 112 and the network nodes 122, respectively. The CSO architecture 200 may also comprise a CSO interface that allows better interactions and/or communications between the servers 112 and/or other components (not shown) of the application stratum 210 and the network nodes 122 and/or other components (not shown) of the network stratum 220. The CSO interface may be an open interface between the two strata and may enable CSO features using the CSOP, as described below. At the application stratum 210, the open interface may allow client/customer identification of some type, e.g., IP address, server types and identification, application data flows and QoS requirements that may be statistical in nature and vary over time, and/or server load and fault conditions. At the network stratum 220, the open interface may allow exchanging network topology, client and server locations within that topology, network capabilities and capacities with respect to QoS, bandwidth, latency information, and/or other network related features, network load and fault conditions, or combinations thereof.

FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of a CSO architecture 300 that may comprise an application stratum 310 and a network stratum 320. The application stratum 310 may include interactions between a plurality of servers 312 and the network stratum 320 may include interactions between a plurality of network nodes 322, which may be substantially similar to the servers 112 and the network nodes 122, respectively. The CSO architecture 300 may also comprise a CSO interface that may be established between an ACG 314 at the application stratum 310 and a NCG 324 at the network stratum 320.

The ACG 314 may be configured to access application related data and processes at the application stratum 310, communicate with the NCG 324 via the CSO interface, and provide application resource information and access limitations to external entities at the network stratum 320 entities. The NCG 324 may be configured to access network related data (at the network stratum 320), communicate with the ACG 314 via the CSO interface, communicate with network processes such as admission control, resource reservation, and/or connection processing, and provide network resource information and access limitations to the application stratum 310 entities. Additionally, the ACG 314 and the NCG 324 may communicate with the servers 312 and the network nodes 322, respectively. The CSO interface between the ACG 314 and the NCG 324 may support using the CSOP to enable the different functionalities of the ACG 314 and NCG 324 above and related communications, e.g., signaling, messaging, and information exchange.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a CSOP scheme 400, which may be implemented using the CSO interface between an ACG and a NCG, e.g., in the CSO architectures above. A user profile may be sent from a user or user plane 401 to an application stratum 410. The user profile may define characteristics of the user and may comprise a user identifier, a user device identifier, user device codec information if applicable, user preference if available, user capability, or combinations thereof. The user identifier may be a unique user identifier (ID) such as a virtual ID. The user device identifier may correspond to the address, e.g. IP and/or Media Access Control (MAC) address, for each user device. There may be multiple user devices depending on the location of the user. The user preference may be known a priori, such as preferred server location for the user. The user capability may include the maximum bandwidth that the user device can handle, e.g., for uplink and/or downlink.

The application stratum 410 may then forward the user profile, e.g., after processing, to a network stratum 420. Additionally or alternatively, the application stratum 410 may forward an application profile to a network stratum 420. The application profile may be obtained based on the user profile and may define characteristics of the application for the user. The application profile may comprise at least one of a security profile, a location profile, a QoS profile, a connectivity profile, a directionality profile, a bandwidth profile, a duration of service profile, and a restoration profile.

The security profile may comprise dedicated end-to-end virtual private network (VPN) like resource allocation and dedicated physical resource allocation. The location profile may indicate locations of both the clients and the sources. The QoS profile may comprise a delay tolerance bound, a jitter tolerance bound, packet delivery ratio tolerance, network availability, and/or other QoS related information. The connectivity profile may indicate a point-to-point (P-P) connectivity, a point-to-multipoint (P-MP), a multipoint-to-multipoint (MP-MP), and/or any other connectivity or cast scheme. The directionality profile may indicate a uni-directional communication or a bi-directional communication. The bandwidth profile may indicate the maximum, average, and/or minimum bandwidth requirements for the connectivity, maximum burst rate, maximum burst duration, and/or other bandwidth related information. The duration of service profile may indicate a service time of the application, e.g., once setup. The restoration profile may indicate that a reroute is required, no re-route, and/or other connectivity restoration related information.

Depending on the application, its nature, and related quality of service, the underlying network stratum 420 may have different capabilities. The network stratum 420 may forward its network capability information to the application stratum 410, e.g., in response to receiving a request and/or the application profile. The network capability may comprise bandwidth capabilities, QoS and service level agreement (SLA), configurability, and adaptability. The bandwidth capabilities may indicate the capability of the network to meet bandwidth profile requirements of the application service. The QoS and SLA may indicate the ability of the network to deliver according to the QoS profile requirements and the corresponding SLAs. The configurability may indicate the ability to reconfigure/re-optimize various aspects of the network and the timeliness in which changes can occur. The adaptability information may indicate the ability to adapt changes due to changes of service demand or application/network congestion/failure.

Although FIG. 4 depicts a CSOP scheme 400 in which a user profile is sent to an application stratum, not all embodiments include passing of user profile information. For example, because some applications (e.g., storage backup) do not require user profile information, the CSOP scheme for such applications is strictly between data center to data center (or multiple data centers, depending on the number of backups).

The CSOP communications in any of the architectures or schemes above may comprise vertical communications between the user plane and application stratum and vertical communications between the application stratum and the network stratum. The CSOP functionality may comprise path estimation, path reservation, network topology/virtual machine topology (VMT) query, monitoring/notifying, and/or other functions that are described below. The CSOP may operate over a transmission control protocol (TCP), e.g., using registered TCP ports that may have determined port numbers. However, CSOP operation is not limited to TCP, but may be implemented using other protocols, such as, for example, OpenFlow. As such, all the CSOP messages may be sent via the registered TCP ports. The CSOP may also provide means to guarantee exchanging necessary information to achieve CSO while preventing the sharing of private or secured information, which may not be authorized to other entities, networks, and/or strata. The CSOP may provide the abstraction and summarization mechanisms to avoid revealing unnecessary details (e.g., between the application layer/stratum and the network layer/stratum) and also to provide improved scalability. The abstraction and summarization mechanisms may be provided using CSOP message formats, as described in detail below.

The CSOP messages may comprise an Initialize message, a keep alive (KeepAlive) message, a Request message, a Reply message, a Release message, a Release Configure (ReleaseConf) message, a Notify message, a CSOP error (CSOPErr) message, a CSOP session (CLOSE) message, or combinations thereof. The Initialize massage may be used to initiate a CSOP session with an authentication procedure between an ACG and a NCG. The KeepAlive message may be used to maintain a CSOP session. The Request message may be used to request a path setup from an ACG to a NCG, a path estimation with or without actual reservation/allocation commitment from an ACG to a NCG, and a virtual network topology from an ACG to a NCG. The Reply message may be used in reply to a Request message from a NCG to an ACG. The Release message may be used to request release of any existing paths. It is sent from an ACG to a NCG. The ReleaseConf message may be used in reply to a Release message to confirm release of any existing path. The ReleaseConf message may be sent from a NCG to an ACG. The Notify message may be used to notify any specific event. The Notify message may be either sent by an ACG to a NCG or sent by a NCG to an ACG. When sent by a NCG to an ACG, the Notify message may be used as a monitoring purpose for existing transport services. The CSOPErr message may be used to indicate any protocol error condition associated with CSOP. The CLOSE message may be used to terminate a CSOP session.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a CSOP message header 500, which may be included in the exchanged CSOP messages. The CSOP message may comprise the CSOP header 500 followed by a variable-length body, which may comprise a set of objects that may be mandatory or optional, as described further below. The CSOP message header 500 may comprise a version field 502, a reserved field 504, a message type field 506, and a message length field 508. The version field 502 may comprise about 3 bits and indicate a CSOP version number. The current version may be version 1. The reserved field 504 may comprise about 5 bits that may be set all to zero and may not be used, e.g., reserved for future use. The message type field 506 may comprise about 8 bits and indicate one of the following defined message types using the corresponding value, as follows:

Value Message-Type 1 Initialize 2 KeepAlive 3 Request 4 Reply 5 Release 6 ReleaseConf 7 Notify 8 Err 9 Close The message length field 508 may comprise about 16 bits and indicate the total length of the CSOP message including the CSOP message header 500, e.g., in bytes.

For instance, the CSOP message header 500 may be part of a CSOP Request message sent from an ACG to a NCG and part of a CSOP Reply message sent in return from the NCG to the ACG. The Request message may have the following format:

<Request Message>::= <Common Header>  <Authentication Profile>  <Service Profile>  [<PerformACG Profile>]  [<Bandwidth Profile>]  <Connectivity Mode Profile>  <Location Profile>  [<Protection Profile>]. The Reply message may have the following format: <Reply Message>::= Common Header> <Authentication Profile> <Path> <VNT> The Reply message may comprise either <Path> or <VNT> depending on the original service request in the Request message. The CSOP messages may also comprise a set or profiles defined in CSO-framework, which may be understood by the transport layers/networks to provide relevant service request from the ACG. The CSO objects in the CSOP message may be used to carry profile information.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of an authentication profile object 612, which may be included in a CSOP message 600. The authentication profile information in the authentication profile object 612 may be provided to secure message exchanges between an ACG and a NCG or between a NCG and another NCG (e.g. in another domain). The CSOP message 600 may comprise a version field 602, a reserved field 604, a message type field 606, and a message length field 608, e.g., in a CSOP message header, which may be configured substantially similar to the corresponding components of the CSOP message header 500. The CSOP message 600 may also comprise one or more other objects 610 in addition to the authentication profile object 612, such as any of the objects described further below. The authentication profile object 612 may be the last object in the CSOP message 600.

The authentication profile object 612 may comprise an authentication object class field 614, a length field 616, a sub-type field 618, a reserved field 620, a Security Parameter Index (SPI) field 622, and a token 624. The authentication object class field 614 may comprise a defined value that indicates that the object is an authentication profile object. The length field 616 may indicate the length of the authentication profile object 612, e.g., in bytes. The sub-type field 618 may identify the mode of authentication and the peer entity to authenticate the message (e.g. ACG-NCG or NCG-NCG, respectively). The reserved field 620 may not be used and all the bits within the reserved field 620 may be set to zero. The SPI field 622 may be a 4-byte number, e.g., in the range [0-4294967296], where the range [0-255] may be reserved. Specifically, the SPI may select the authentication algorithm and shared key used in computing the token 624. To ensure interoperability, an implementation may be able to associate any SPI value with any authentication algorithm. In addition, all implementations may implement a default authentication algorithm, e.g., the Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC)-Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1). Other algorithms may be allowed.

The token 624 may comprise the information to authenticate the peer entity. The shared-key based security association between ACG and NCG, or between one NCG and another NCG may comprise a SPI, a shared-key, and an authentication algorithm. The shared-key may comprise an arbitrary value and may be about 20 octets in length. The shared-key may be configured manually or through dynamic negotiation. For instance, the token value may be generated as follows: Token=First (96, HMAC-SHA1 (Shared key, Message Data)). The message data may be generated as follows: Message Data=source IP address|destination IP address|CSOP message body. The functional form “First(size, input)” used to generate the token value indicates truncation of the “input” data so that only the first “size” bits remain to be used. The CSOP message body used for generating the token value may start from the “Ver” field up to and including SPI value of authentication object.

The ACG may include the authentication profile object 612 in a Request message if the ACG has a shared-key based security association with the NCG. The NCG may include the authentication profile object 612 in a Reply message if the NCG receives the authentication profile object 612 in a corresponding Request message and if the NCG has a shared-key based security association with the ACG. The ACG or NCG receiving the authentication profile object 612 may verify the token value in the token field 624 of the authentication profile object 612. If authentication fails, the NCG may send a Reply message with Status Code CSOP-AUTH-FAIL. If the NCG does not have a shared-key based security association with the ACG, the NCG may discard the Request message. The NCG may also log such events.

FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a service profile object 700 that may be included in a CSO message, e.g., the CSO message 600. The service profile object 700 may be used to indicate a specific service request in a Request message. The following services may be defined by the service profile object 700:

-   -   Path Reservation: This service request may require path         reservation in a transport network that guarantees bandwidth for         the connection.     -   Path Modification: This service request may be used to indicate         modifications for an existing path that has been reserved.     -   Path Estimation: This service request may be used for a path         calculation estimate in a transport network without actual         reservation/allocation commitment in the transport network.     -   VNT Request: This service request may ask for a virtual network         topology of the transport network for a given set of source(s)         and destination(s).

The service profile object 700 may comprise a service type (S) field 702, a plurality of flags 704, a reserved field 706, and a service request ID number 708. The S field 702 may comprise about 8 bits and may include a value to indicate a service type as follows:

-   -   0: Path Reservation     -   1: Path Modification     -   2: Path Estimation     -   3: VNT Request     -   4-255: Reserved.         The flags 704 may comprise about 16 bits and may be defined for         various purposes. The reserved field 706 may comprise about 8         bits that may be set to zero on transmission and ignored on         reception. The service request ID number 708 may comprise about         32 bits and may comprise a value that uniquely identifies the         service request. Each time a new request is sent to a NCG, the         service request ID number may be incremented.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a performance profile object 800 that may be included in a CSO message, e.g., the CSO message 600. The performance profile object 800 may indicate the desired performance objective associated with a reservation request. The performance profile object 800 may comprise a maximum one-way delay bound field 802, a maximum roundtrip delay bound field 804, a maximum delay jitter bound field 806, and a packet loss rate field 808. The maximum one-way delay bound field 802 may comprise about 32 bits and indicate the requested maximum one-way delay bound or limit, which may be encoded in 32 bits in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) floating point format and expressed in millisecond. The maximum roundtrip delay bound field 804 may comprise about 32 bits and indicate the requested maximum roundtrip delay bound or limit, which may be encoded in 32 bits in IEEE floating point format and expressed in millisecond. The maximum delay jitter bound field 806 may comprise about 32 bits and indicate the requested maximum delay jitter bound or limit, which may be encoded in 32 bits in IEEE floating point format and expressed in millisecond. The packet loss rate field 808 may comprise about 32 bits and indicate the requested packet loss rate, which may be encoded in 32 bits in IEEE floating point format and expressed in percentage.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a bandwidth profile object 900 that may be included in a CSO message, e.g., the CSO message 600. The bandwidth profile object 900 may be used to specify the required bandwidth for a path (e.g., a label switched path (LSP)). The bandwidth profile object 900 may comprise a transport layer field 902, a plurality of flags 904, an asymmetric bandwidth indicator (A) bit 906, a reserved field 908, a downstream of bi-directional bandwidth field 910, and an upstream bandwidth field 912.

The transport layer field 902 may comprise about 8 bits and may be set to 0 to indicate that the transport layer is not specified by ACG. Otherwise, this field may be encoded in the “LSP Encoding Type” format as defined in Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)-Traffic Engineering (TE) and may be used by ACG to specify which transport layer to set up the path. The flags 904 may comprise about 16 bits and may be defined for various purposes. The A bit 906 may comprise about 1 bit and may be set to indicate that the connection is bi-directional with asymmetric bandwidth. The reserved field 908 may not be used and may be set to zero. The downstream of bi-directional bandwidth field 910 may comprise about 32 bits and may indicate the requested downstream (i.e., from source to destination) bandwidth in the case when the A bit 906 is set or the connection is uni-directional, or may indicate the requested bi-directional bandwidth in other cases. The upstream bandwidth field 912 may comprise about 32 bits and may indicate the requested upstream (i.e., from destination to source) bandwidth. The upstream bandwidth field 912 may be included or used only when the A bit 906 is set. The downstream of bi-directional bandwidth field 910 and upstream bandwidth field 912 may be both encoded in 32 bits in IEEE floating point format and expressed in bytes per second.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a connectivity mode profile object 1000 that may be included in a CSO message, e.g., the CSO message 600. The connectivity mode profile object 1000 may be used to specify the type of connection associated with the path request. The following connectivity types are defined: P-P, P-MP, MP-MP, and Anycast (Multi-destination). The connectivity mode profile object 1000 may comprise a connectivity (C) field 1002, a plurality of flags 1004, a directionality (D) bit 1006, and a reserved field 1008.

The C field 1002 may comprise about 8 bits and may comprise a value that indicates one of the connectivity types as follows:

-   -   0: P-P     -   1: P-MP     -   2: MP-MP     -   3: Anycast (Multi-destination)     -   4-255: Reserved.         The flags 1004 may comprise about 16 bits and may be defined for         various purposes. The D bit 1006 may comprise about 1 bit that         may be set to indicate that the connection is uni-directional.         The reserved field 1008 may comprise about 8 bits that may be         set to zero on transmission and ignore on reception.

FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a location profile object 1100 that may be included in a CSO message, e.g., the CSO message 600. The location profile object 1100 may be used to indicate the IP addresses of the corresponding application layer resources (e.g., servers, storage, etc.), e.g., for each of the connectivity modes defined in connectivity mode profile object 1000. For instance, the location profile object 1100 may indicate one of the Origin and Destination for P-P, the Origin and Set of Destinations for P-MP, the Set of Origins and Destination for MP-P, the Set of Origins and Set of Destinations for MP-MP, and the Set of Candidate Destinations for Anycast or Multi-Destination. The location profile object 1100 may comprise a location profile (L) field 1102, a number of sources field 1104, a number of destinations field 1106, a version of IP protocol (V) field 1108, a plurality of flags 1110, a reserved field 1112, and one of more optional TLVs 1114.

The L field 1102 may comprise about 4 bits and indicate a value based on the connectivity mode or type as follows:

-   -   0: P-P     -   1: P-MP     -   2: MP-P     -   3: MP-MP     -   4: Anycast (Multi-destination)     -   5-15: Reserved.         The number of sources field 1104 may comprise about 8 bits and         indicate the number of sources. The number of destinations field         1106 may comprise about 8 bits and indicate the number of         destinations. The V field 1108 may comprise about 2 bits and         indicate the version of the IP protocol. For instance, the V         field 1108 may be set to zero in the case of IP version 4 (IPv4)         or to 1 in the case of IP version 6 (IPv6). The flags 1110 may         comprise about 4 bits and may be defined for various purposes.         The reserved field 1112 may comprise about 16 bits that may be         set to zero on transmission and ignored on reception. The         optional TLVs 1114 may be used to indicate the IP addresses         associated with the location profile, as described in more         detail below.

FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment of an optional TLV 1200 that may be used in the location profile object 1100, for instance when the L field 1102 is set to 0 (e.g., in the case of P-P), and the V field 1108 is set to 0 (e.g., in the case of IPv4). The optional TLV 1200 may comprise a source IPv4 address field 1202 that indicates the IPv4 address of the source, and a destination IPv4 address field 1204 that indicates the IPv4 address of the destination. FIG. 13 illustrates an embodiment of another optional TLV 1300 that may be used in the location profile object 1100, for instance when the L field 1102 is set to 1 (e.g., in the case of P-MP), the number of destinations field 1106 is set to 4, and the V field 1108 is set to 0 (e.g., in the case of IPv4). The optional TLV 1300 may comprise a source IPv4 address field 1302 that indicates the IPv4 address of the source, and four destination IPv4 address fields 1304 that each indicates the IPv4 address of one of the 4 destinations. Similarly, other optional TLVs 1114 may be used for other cases. In the cases where the V field 1108 is set to 1 (e.g., in the case of IPv4), each IPv6 address may comprise about 16 bytes.

FIG. 14 illustrates an embodiment of a protection profile object 1400 that may be included in a CSO message, e.g., the CSO message 600. The protection profile object 1400 may be used to indicate the level of protection required for a path reservation request. The levels of protection may include no protection, 1+1 protection, and shared protection. In the case of 1+1 protection and shared protection, the protection profile object 1400 may indicate the protection path differential from the engineered path, such as in terms of delay, hops, distance, etc. The protection profile object 1400 may comprise a protection level (P) field 1402 and a plurality of flags 1404, which may include a shared list link group (SRLG) diversity (S) bit 1406, a node diversity (N) bit 1408, and a link diversity (L) bit 1410. The protection profile object 1400 may also comprise a reserved field 1412 and one or more optional TLVs 1414.

The P field 1402 may comprise about 8 bits and indicate a value associated with a protection level as follows:

-   -   0: No Protection     -   1: 1+1     -   2: Shared Protection     -   3-255: Reserved.         The flags 1404 may comprise about 16 bits and may be used for         different purposes. Specifically, the S bit 1406 may be set when         the protection path is required to be SRLG diverse from the         engineered path for 1+1 or shared protection. The N bit 1408 may         be set when the protection path is required to be node diverse         from the engineered path for 1+1 or shared protection. The L bit         1410 may be set when the protection path is required to be link         diverse from the engineered path for 1+1 or shared protection.         The reserved field 1412 may comprise about 8 bits that may be         set to zero on transmission and ignored on reception. The         optional TLVs 1414 may be used to indicate the protection path         differential from the engineered path, e.g., in terms of delay,         hop counts, and distance, as described below. The optional TLV         field(s) 1414 may be populated when the P field 1402 is set to         either 1 or 2.

FIG. 15 illustrates an embodiment of an optional TLV 1500 that may be used in the protection profile object 1400, for instance when the P field 1402 is set to 1 or 2. The optional TLV 1500 may comprise a delay differential field 1502, a hop count differential field 1504, and a distance differential field 1506. The delay differential field 1502 may comprise about 32 bits and may be encoded in IEEE floating point format expressed in percentage. The delay differential field 1502 may indicate the protection path delay differential from the engineered path. For instance, a value of 50% may indicate that the protection path is allowed to have no more than 50% delay than the engineered path. The hop count differential field 1504 may comprise about 32 bits and may be encoded in IEEE floating point format expressed in percentage. The hop count differential field 1504 may indicate the protection path hop count differential from the engineered path. The distance differential field 1506 may comprise about 32 bits and may be encoded in IEEE floating point format expressed in percentage. The distance differential field 1506 may indicate the protection path distance differential from the engineered path.

FIG. 16 illustrates an embodiment of a path object 1600 that may be included in a CSO message, e.g., the CSO message 600. The path object 1600 may be used to provide the path information in reply to an original path estimation or path reservation/modification request in a Request message. The path object 1600 may be included in a Reply message. The path object 1600 may comprise a service type (S) field 1602, a plurality of flags 1604 which may include a protection (P) bit 1606, a reserved field 1608, a service request ID number 1610, and at least one optional TLV 1612.

The S field 1602 may comprise about 8 bits and have a value that indicates a service type, as follows:

-   -   0: Path Reservation     -   1: Path Modification     -   2: Path Estimation.         The flags 1604 may comprise about 16 bits and may be used for         different purposes. Specifically, the P bit 1606 may be set to         indicate that the path is a protection path. The P bit 1606 may         be used when the S field 1602 is set to 0 (to indicate a path         reservation service type). The reserved field 1608 may comprise         about 8 bits that may be set to zero on transmission and ignored         on reception. The service request ID number 1610 may comprise         about 32 bits and indicate a service request ID number that may         be supplied in the service profile object 700 in a Request         message. The service request ID number may identify the original         path request. The content of the optional TLV 1612 may vary         depending on the S field 1602, as described below.

FIG. 17 illustrates an embodiment of an optional TLV 1700 that may be used in the path object 1600, for instance when the S field 1602 is set to 0. The optional TLV 1700 may comprise a path identifier field 1702, an application source IPv4 address 1704, a network source IPv4 address 1706, an application destination IPv4 address 1708, a network source IPv4 address 1710, and a reserved bandwidth 1712. The identifier field 1702 may comprise about 32 bits and identify the path reserved in a transport network. The identifier field 1702 may be assigned by the NCG. The reserved bandwidth 1712 may indicate a bandwidth for a reserved path.

FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of another optional TLV 1800 that may be used in the path object 1600, for instance when the S field 1602 is set to 1. The optional TLV 1800 may comprise a path identifier field 1802, an application source IPv4 address 1804, a network source IPv4 address 1806, an application destination IPv4 address 1808, a network source IPv4 address 1810, and a modified bandwidth 1812. The identifier field 1802 may be configured substantially similar to the identifier field 1702. The modified bandwidth 1812 may indicate a bandwidth for a modified path.

FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of another optional TLV 1900 that may be used in the path object 1600, for instance when the S field 1602 is set to 2. The optional TLV 1900 may comprise a path identifier field 1902, an application source IPv4 address 1904, a network source IPv4 address 1906, an application destination IPv4 address 1908, a network source IPv4 address 1910, and an estimated bandwidth 1912. The identifier field 1902 may be configured substantially similar to the identifier field 1702. The modified bandwidth 1912 may indicate a bandwidth for an estimated path.

FIG. 20 illustrates an embodiment of a VNT object 2000 that may be included in a CSO message, e.g., the CSO message 600. The VNT object 2000 may be used to provide the abstraction of topology in reply to an original VNT request. The information pertaining to the original VNT request may be carried through the location profile object 1100 and the service profile object 700 in a Request message. The VNT object 2000 may supply a service request ID associated with an original request and virtual network topology information (e.g., the available bandwidth) for each requested location profile. The location profile supplied in the original VNT request may comprise IP addresses of the application locations. In reply to such request, the VNT object 2000 in a Reply message may provide the original application location ID and its corresponding network node ID (e.g., IP addresses) to allow the ACG to consult the provided information from the NCG. The VNT is defined herein as the available bandwidth for a given node pair.

The VNT object 2000 may comprise a L field 2002, a number of sources field 2004, a number of destinations field 2006, a V field 2008, a plurality of flags 2010, and a reserved field 2012, which may be configured substantially similar to the L field 1102, the number of sources field 1104, the number of destinations field 1106, the flags 1110, and the reserved field 1112, respectively. The VNT object 2000 may also comprise a service request ID number 2014 and one or more optional TLVs 2016. The service request ID number 2014 may comprise about 32 bits and indicate the service request ID number value that uniquely identifies the original service request supplied in the service profile object 700 in a Request message. The optional TLVs 2016 may be used to provide detailed VNT information, as described in more detail below.

FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of an optional TLV 2100 that may be used in the VNT object 2000, for instance when the L field 2002 is set to 0 (e.g., in the case of P-P), and the V field 2008 is set to 0 (e.g., in the case of IPv4). The optional TLV 2100 may comprise an application source IPv4 address field 2102, a network source IPv4 address field 2104, an application destination IPv4 address field 2106, a network source IPv4 address field 2108, and an available bandwidth field 2110. FIG. 22 illustrates an embodiment of another optional TLV 2200 that may be used in the VNT object 2000, for instance when the L field 2002 is set to 1 (e.g., in the case of P-MP), and the V field 2008 is set to 0 (e.g., in the case of IPv4). The optional TLV 2200 may comprise a first application source (#1) IPv4 address field 2202, a first network source (#1) IPv4 address field 2204, a first application destination (#1) IPv4 address field 2206, a first network source (#1) IPv4 address field 2208, and a first available bandwidth field 2210. Additionally, the optional TLV 2200 may comprise a second application source (#2) IPv4 address field 2212, a second network source (#2) IPv4 address field 2214, a second application destination (#2) IPv4 address field 2216, a second network source (#2) IPv4 address field 2218, and a second available bandwidth field 2220.

FIG. 23 illustrates an embodiment of a CSOP message exchange 2300 that may be established between an ACG 2310 and a NCG 2320 using the CSO interface and CSOP. The ACG 2310 may first send a Request message 2301, which may comprise at least some of the objects and optional TLVs described above, to the NCG 2320. The NCG 2320 may receive and process the Request message 2301 and then send back a Reply message 2302 to the ACG 2310. The Reply message 2302 may comprise at least some of the objects and optional TLVs, as described above. In other embodiments, the ACG 2310 and NCG 2320 may exchange other CSO messages, such as an Initialize message, a KeepAlive message, a Release message, a ReleaseConf message, a Notify message, a CSOPErr message, a CLOSE message, or combinations thereof. In such embodiments, the CSOP message exchange 2300 may be initiated by the ACG 2310 or the NCG 2320.

FIG. 24 illustrates an embodiment of a network unit 2400, which may be any device that transports and processes data through the network. The network unit 2400 may comprise one or more ingress ports or units 2410 coupled to a receiver (Rx) 2412 for receiving signals and frames/data from other network components. The network unit 2400 may comprise a logic unit 2420 to determine which network components to send data to. The logic unit 2420 may be implemented using hardware, software, or both. The network unit 2400 may also comprise one or more egress ports or units 2430 coupled to a transmitter (Tx) 2432 for transmitting signals and frames/data to the other network components. The receiver 2412, logic unit 2420, and transmitter 2432 may also implement or support the CSOP scheme 400 and the CSOP message exchange 2300. The components of the network unit 2400 may be arranged as shown in FIG. 24.

The network components described above may be implemented on any general-purpose network component, such as a computer or network component with sufficient processing power, memory resources, and network throughput capability to handle the necessary workload placed upon it. FIG. 25 illustrates a typical, general-purpose network component 2500 suitable for implementing one or more embodiments of the components disclosed herein. The network component 2500 includes a processor 2502 (which may be referred to as a central processor unit or CPU) that is in communication with memory devices including secondary storage 2504, read only memory (ROM) 2506, RAM 2508, input/output (I/O) devices 2510, and network connectivity devices 2512. The processor 2502 may be implemented as one or more CPU chips, or may be part of one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

The secondary storage 2504 is typically comprised of one or more disk drives or tape drives and is used for non-volatile storage of data and as an over-flow data storage device if RAM 2508 is not large enough to hold all working data. Secondary storage 2504 may be used to store programs that are loaded into RAM 2508 when such programs are selected for execution. The ROM 2506 is used to store instructions and perhaps data that are read during program execution. ROM 2506 is a non-volatile memory device that typically has a small memory capacity relative to the larger memory capacity of secondary storage 2504. The RAM 2508 is used to store volatile data and perhaps to store instructions. Access to both ROM 2506 and RAM 2508 is typically faster than to secondary storage 2504.

At least one embodiment is disclosed and variations, combinations, and/or modifications of the embodiment(s) and/or features of the embodiment(s) made by a person having ordinary skill in the art are within the scope of the disclosure. Alternative embodiments that result from combining, integrating, and/or omitting features of the embodiment(s) are also within the scope of the disclosure. Where numerical ranges or limitations are expressly stated, such express ranges or limitations should be understood to include iterative ranges or limitations of like magnitude falling within the expressly stated ranges or limitations (e.g., from about 1 to about 10 includes, 2, 3, 4, etc.; greater than 0.10 includes 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, etc.). For example, whenever a numerical range with a lower limit, R_(l), and an upper limit, R_(u), is disclosed, any number falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, the following numbers within the range are specifically disclosed: R=R_(l)+k*(R_(u)−R_(l)), wherein k is a variable ranging from 1 percent to 100 percent with a 1 percent increment, i.e., k is 1 percent, 2 percent, 3 percent, 4 percent, 7 percent, . . . , 70 percent, 71 percent, 72 percent, . . . , 97 percent, 96 percent, 97 percent, 98 percent, 99 percent, or 100 percent. Moreover, any numerical range defined by two R numbers as defined in the above is also specifically disclosed. Use of the term “optionally” with respect to any element of a claim means that the element is required, or alternatively, the element is not required, both alternatives being within the scope of the claim. Use of broader terms such as comprises, includes, and having should be understood to provide support for narrower terms such as consisting of, consisting essentially of, and comprised substantially of. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above but is defined by the claims that follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. Each and every claim is incorporated as further disclosure into the specification and the claims are embodiment(s) of the present disclosure. The discussion of a reference in the disclosure is not an admission that it is prior art, especially any reference that has a publication date after the priority date of this application. The disclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications cited in the disclosure are hereby incorporated by reference, to the extent that they provide exemplary, procedural, or other details supplementary to the disclosure.

In one possible implementation, this disclosure further provides an architecture framework for cross-stratum optimization (CSO). Cross-stratum optimization (CSO) involves integrated optimization of the application and network resources by providing an interface for interactions and exchanges between the two strata.

Cross-stratum optimization (CSO) relates to the overall resource optimization of application resources and network resources by coordinating both resources. This coordination may be performed by using an interface between the application stratum and the network stratum (e.g., transport, network, link, and physical) that exchanges monitoring information and configuration.

Network carriers, also referred to sometimes as telecommunications operators or communications service providers, that run existing networks desire to optimize the network utilization for passing traffic, such as Internet Protocol (IP) traffic, over a the physical network, e.g., across the network layers 1 to 5. The optimized traffic may include traffic for triple play services (e.g., Video, Voice, and/or Data) and any type of bulk data. In existing networks, end-to-end services are typically set-up by Operational Support Systems (OSS) systems or provider specific network management service applications. Network carriers have suggested two different scenarios for optimizing network utilization and traffic: optimizing existing network services and enabling new/emerging network application services.

The provisioning and operation of new/emerging applications may involve resolving the server selection (SS) problem in the application stratum as well as the network provisioning in the underlying network stratum, which is different from the traditional services in that the traditional services are concerned with network provisioning of end-to-end telecom services.

Optimization of Existing Services:

It is noted that the first focus of the CSO work may not be on the optimization of existing applications.

Enabling New Services:

The CSO may enable new services, e.g., using multi-domain and/or multi-device optimization. The new services may include file distribution systems, streaming video services, video conferencing services, and grid computing. These services may use both mobile devices and fixed devices. File distribution systems and services began by accelerating the download of web pages, such as those with images, and then expanded to include software, audio, and video file delivery. It is noted that file distribution systems may not be included in the first focus on the new services.

The steaming services may be separated in two types, live and on-demand services. Multiple variants between these two types may also be created when pause or replay functionality is included in a live streaming service. The live streaming may be the case where the client is willing to receive the stream at its current play out point rather than at some pre-existing start point. On-demand services may provide additional technical challenges. Service providers may wish to avoid long start up service delays to retain customers, while at the same time batch together requests to save on server costs.

Video conferencing moves from the point-to-multipoint scenario of streaming content distribution to a multipoint-to-multipoint situation. Further, there may be an additional hard Quality of Service (QoS) constraint on latency.

Grid computing may have requirements for substantially large file transfer with reduced fan and larger file sizes.

One problem in interactions between the application stratum and the network stratum is the lack of an open standard interface that allows a proxy signaling between application and network strata. This may limit cross-stratum information sharing, feedback mechanism between strata, and integrated/synchronized resource allocation and re-configuration. This lack of coordination between the application and network strata may increase the potential for resource wastage, which may translate to a higher cost for both application and network operations.

Some of the terms used and described below with respect to CSO features include: application profile, application resources, application overlay, application service, ACG, network resources, and a NCG.

The application profile may comprise the characteristics and requirements that the application service may place on the network. The application resources may comprise non-network resources that may be critical to achieving the application service functionality. For example, the application resources may include caches, mirrors, application specific servers, content, large data sets, and/or other resource related applications. The application overlay may comprise a set of application resources that may be geographically spread and constitute an overlay with respect to network underlay. The application service may be any networked application offered to a variety of clients. The ACG may be a CSO entity in the application stratum that is responsible for gathering application resources load and utilization, making resource allocation decisions, and interacting with the NCG. The network resources may comprise resources of any layer 3 or lower layer, such as bandwidth, links, paths, path processing (e.g., creation, deletion, and management), network databases, path computation, and the routing and signaling protocols for creating paths.

Network CSO Gateway (NCG): The CSO entity in the network stratum may be responsible for interacting with the ACG, and triggering the service request function to transport network entity responsible for provisioning, configuration, path estimation/computation and other network management/control functions.

FIG. 26 illustrates another embodiment of a CSO architecture 2600 that may comprise an application stratum 2610 and a network stratum 2620. The application stratum 2610 and the network stratum 2620 may also be referred to herein as application overlay and network underlay, respectively. Additionally, the CSO architecture may include one or more end-users 2601 that may communicate with the application stratum 2610. The application stratum or overlay 2610 may comprise an ACG 2612 that may communicate with application processes 2614 and application related data 2616. The network or underlay 2620 may comprise a NCG 2622 that may communicate with network processes 2624 and network related data 2626. The ACG 2612 and the NCG 2622 may also communicate with each other via an ANI and protocol.

The application overlay 2610 may be a network comprising a plurality of servers/application resources that provide application services, such as content delivery or video-on-demand (VOD) services, to the end-users 2601. Relative to the application overlay 2610, the network underlay 2620 may be an underlying network that carries traffic in the data unit based on its transport technology. In the CSO architecture, each stratum may keep its own independence and autonomy. For instance, if the application overlay 2610 needs to communicate with network underlay 2620, each stratum may be kept independent from the other. There may be a trust relationship established between the two strata prior to communications and that trust relationship may be verified via an authorization/authentication mechanism.

The ACG 2612 may serve as a proxy to the network underlay 2620 and to application related processes including access to the end-user's 2601 profile. Some of the functionalities of the ACG 2612 may include:

-   -   communicating with the NCG 2622 via a protocol that may allow         requests for:         -   network virtual topology/Traffic Engineering (TE)             information;         -   path estimation, and path reservation; and         -   application resources (e.g., server) status and information.     -   accessing application related data such as:         -   maximum number of simultaneous instances of the application             usage;         -   maximum storage assignable;         -   physical or virtual assignment of processing;         -   memory, storage access rate (disk, random access memory             (RAM), etc.);         -   availability of virtual machine instances (existing or             created) in a different location; and         -   whether an application must execute in multiple physical and             failover requirement.     -   communicating with application processes; and     -   translating application/end-user service profile and creating a         “standard” application service profile that may be understood by         the NCG 2622.

The NCG 2622 may serve as a proxy to the application overlay 2610 and to network related processes. Some of the functionalities of the NCG 2622 may include:

-   -   communicating with the ACG 2612 via a protocol that may allow         replies to:         -   the application's requests sent by the ACG 2612, as             described above;     -   accessing network related data (e.g., management information         base (MIB)/YANG, link state database (LSDB), TE database (TED),         etc.);     -   communicating with network processes such as:         -   admission control, resource reservation;         -   path computation, path provisioning/configuration (creating,             deleting and maintenance); and         -   network monitoring.

Emerging Internet network management may use the netconf function for configuring and monitoring data. Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) based MIBs are being replaced by YANG module MIBs. New work within the netconf emerging network management is intended to provide whole-network synchronous and synchronized configuration and monitoring. If these services are available, then the NCG may use these services to monitor and configure across the whole network entities upon configuration request from the ACG. The NCG may require the ability to have network wide configuration functions signaled to the netconf entity with the following information:

-   -   commit-config <transaction #> <time>     -   copy-config <transaction #> <time>     -   edit-config <transaction #> <time>     -   roll-back-to <transaction #> <time>     -   roll-forward-to <transaction #> <time>     -   lock-config <transaction #> <time>     -   unlock-config <transaction #> <time>

The NCG may require that such functions and/or information be available on transaction based numbers. The NCG may also require the ability to have network wide monitoring with the following information:

-   -   begin-monitor <transaction-config #> <time>     -   cease-monitor <transaction #> <time>     -   modify-monitor <transaction #> <time>     -   roll-back-to <transaction #> <time>     -   roll-forward-to <transaction #> <time>     -   lock-monitor <transaction #> <time>     -   unlock-monitor <transaction #> <time>

According to the NCG requirement to specify monitoring for full network's devices based on a transaction number, the transaction may specify a full network's profile of monitoring information. If pre-netconf Internet network management exists in a network, such as SNMP MIBs, Remote Network Monitoring (RMON), or Real-time Application QoS Monitoring (RAQMON) based on the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments (RFC) 3471, which is incorporated herein by reference, exists in a network, or if a mixture of Internet management exists, then the NCG device may create an adaptation layer to utilize the mixture of services.

Existing IP network management may also allow for admission control based on policy. This policy may be based on an architecture of “Policy Enforcement Points (PEP)” and “policy control points (PCP)” with a management tool, as described in RFC 3060, RFC 2753, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, and RFC 3471. The CSO may extend the existing architectural policy model. This general policy architecture has been adapted for:

-   -   differentiated services (Diff-Serv) within IP networks via         Common Open Policy Services (COPS), as described in RFC 2471,         and RFC 3084, RFC 4261, both of which are incorporated herein by         reference, or Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), as described         in RFC 2750, which is incorporated herein by reference;     -   wireless device policy (control and provisioning of wireless         access points (CAPWAP));     -   security policies (geopriv as described in RFC 4745, which is         incorporated herein by reference, group-security);     -   routing policy (Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL) as         described in RFC 4012, which is incorporated herein by         reference);     -   policy-enabled path elements (PCEs);     -   mobile services (Protocol-Independent Multicast version 6         (PIMv6)); and     -   application policy.

Additionally, the CSO architecture may comprise a PCE, which may be one of the building blocks or components of the CSO architecture. The PCE architecture is described in RFC 4655 and the PCE Protocol (PCEP) is described in RFC 5440, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. The PCE may provide path computation to a client referred to herein as a Path Computation Client (PCC). The NCG may act as a PCC to the PCE in the context of the CSO architecture.

FIG. 27 illustrates an embodiment of an interaction 2700 between a NCG 2722 and a PCE 2730 in the context of path estimation for the CSO architecture. An ACG 2712 may make a path estimation request to the NCG 2722, which in turn may make a path computation request using PCEP, as described in RFC 5440. The RFCs 5088 and 5089, both of which are incorporated herein by reference, describe how to discover a proper PCE from the NCG's 2722 perspective. The PCE 2730 may provide candidate paths compliant with specific constraints that may be originally fed from the ACG 2712, such as connectivity (e.g., point-to-point (P-P), point-to-multipoint (P-MP), etc.) and some QoS parameters (e.g., latency) as well as bandwidth requirement for the connectivity. The path computed by the PCE 2730 may be an estimation of the path from the application based on the latest network link and node traffic data, which may be known as TED. Once the path has been found, then the NCG 2722 may reply with the resulting path to the ACG 2712. If the application requires bandwidth reservation of the computed path, then the NCG 2722 may proceed further with the path provisioning process either via a network management configuration process or via control plane functionality.

FIG. 28 illustrates an embodiment of a CSO multi-domain architecture 2800. The CSO multi-domain architecture 2800 may comprise access transport networks and a backbone transport network and may be extended from the CSO architectures above. The multi-domain architecture 2800 may comprise one or more end-users 2801, an application stratum or overlay 2810, a multi-domain network stratum or underlay 2820, which may be coupled and arranged as shown in FIG. 28. The application stratum or overlay 2810 may comprise an ACG 2812 that may communicate with a plurality of NCGs 2822 that correspond to a plurality of domains at the multi-domain network underlay 2820 via a plurality of corresponding application-network communication interfaces.

The CSO multi-domain architecture 2800 may be used to support multi-domain underlay networks. The ACG 2812 may function or act as the central proxy that interfaces with end-users 2801 and application data and processes as well as with the NCG 2822 in each domain N (N is an integer). Communication between domains may make reuse of existing multi-domain protocols developed in the IETF routing area and any new requirements may be fed into existing working groups. For instance, an application identifier may need to be kept across network domains (in the multi-domain network underlay 2820) and well as in the application overlay 2810.

Multi-technology is also implied and supported in the CSO multi-domain architecture 600. For example, Domain N−1 may have different network technology from Domain N. In such a case, appropriate translation and adaptation functions of the original application information and its related request may need to be provided in each domain to ensure application service profile to be seamlessly communicated across domains. For instance, Domain N−1 may be regarded as an access network where consuming resources reside and Domain N+1 as an access network where application resources (e.g., video distribution) reside, while Domain N may be regarded as the backbone/aggregation network that provides transport for application data. For example, the access network may be Layer 3 (L3) IP networks, while backbone network can be a Layer 1 (L1) optical network.

The Network management (e.g., SNMP netconf/YANG) for the network-stratum may abide by Routing Administrative Domain (AD) boundaries, as described in RFC 1136, which is incorporated herein by reference. As RFC 1136 indicates, the AD may comprise multiple Autonomous systems if these Autonomous systems are on the administrative control of one entity. For example, if a BIGNet provider controls Domain 1 which has 4 Autonomous systems, then one NCG may operate over these 4 Autonomous systems.

It is noted that the current Network Management (NM) boundaries/scope may be applicable in the CSO work.

The Policy management systems (e.g., PEP, PCP, etc.) may also abide by AD boundaries (RFC 1136). Then again, as mentioned above and as RFC 1136 indicates, the AD may comprise multiple Autonomous systems if these Autonomous systems are on the administrative control of one entity. For example, if a BIGNet provider which exists in Domain 1 and has 4 Autonomous systems, then the NCG may operate within the policy scope of the BIGnet's Domain 1.

It is noted that the current policy mechanisms and scope may be applicable in the CSO work.

CSO multi-domain architecture used multi-domain PCE

FIG. 29 illustrates an embodiment of a CSO multi-domain interaction 2900 with multi-domain PCEs, where one or more end-users 2901 may communicate with an application overlay 2910 that interacts with a multi-domain network underlay 2920. The application overlay 2910 may comprise an ACG 2912 that may communicate with a plurality of NCGs 2922 corresponding to a plurality of domains at the multi-domain network underlay 2920 via a plurality of corresponding application-network communication interfaces. The components of the application overlay 2910 and the multi-domain network underlay 2920 may be configured substantially similar to the corresponding components described above. Additionally, the multi-domain network underlay 2920 may comprise a plurality of PCEs 2930 that correspond to the domains at the multi-domain network underlay 2920. Specifically, each PCE 2930 may interact with the corresponding NCG 2922, which may act as a PCC, in the corresponding domain, e.g., in a manner similar to the interaction 2700.

As described above, each network Domain NCG 2922 may be associated with that Domain's PCE 2930. The consuming resource of the application (e.g., end-user) may traverse multiple domains to get to the source of the application (e.g., video server). For example, the source of the application may home on Network Domain N+1, while the consuming resource of the application may home on Network Domain N−1. Network Domain N may be a transit network that connects Network Domain N−1 and N+1. As such, a multi-domain path may be computed, e.g., by multiple PCEs 2930. A domain sequence may be determined by the policy. RFC 5441, which is incorporated herein by reference, describes how an inter-domain TE-Label Switched Path (LSP) may be computed in a backward-recursive manner. The domain sequence may be known prior to path computation.

This disclosure relates to a method to enable the application stratum to communicate with a network by creating an open interface and defining protocols between the strata.

While several embodiments have been provided in the present disclosure, it should be understood that the disclosed systems and methods might be embodied in many other specific forms without departing from the spirit or scope of the present disclosure. The present examples are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive, and the intention is not to be limited to the details given herein. For example, the various elements or components may be combined or integrated in another system or certain features may be omitted, or not implemented.

In addition, techniques, systems, subsystems, and methods described and illustrated in the various embodiments as discrete or separate may be combined or integrated with other systems, modules, techniques, or methods without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Other items shown or discussed as coupled or directly coupled or communicating with each other may be indirectly coupled or communicating through some interface, device, or intermediate component whether electrically, mechanically, or otherwise. Other examples of changes, substitutions, and alterations are ascertainable by one skilled in the art and could be made without departing from the spirit and scope disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: sending a resource query from a service stratum gateway to a transport stratum gateway via an interface using a cross-stratum optimization protocol (CSOP) between the service stratum gateway and the transport stratum gateway, wherein the service stratum gateway is configured to access application related data and processes in a service stratum comprising a plurality of servers, and wherein the transport stratum gateway is configured to access network related data at a transport stratum including a plurality of network nodes; exchanging status data for monitoring, controlling, and managing the transport network between the service stratum gateway and the transport stratum gateway across the interface to enable cross-stratum optimization of application resources and network resources; and transmitting a reservation request from the service stratum gateway to the transport stratum gateway via the interface to reserve a guaranteed bandwidth across the transport network, wherein the reservation request including a path object having a type length value (TLV) field that carries a path identifier identifying a path to be reserved, and the reservation request comprises a service profile indicating a quality of service (QoS) an application requires of the transport network.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the resource query comprises a source, a destination, a bandwidth, a maximum latency, and a maximum jitter.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving a Keep Alive message at the service stratum gateway from the transport stratum gateway.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservation request is sent to setup a new path in the transport stratum or modify an existing path in the transport stratum.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the resource query is sent to get a status of resources in the transport stratum to perform a cross stratum optimization calculation.
 6. The method of claim 5, further comprising receiving a response message at the service stratum gateway from the transport stratum gateway in response to the resource query, the response message comprising a status of resources in the transport stratum.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the reservation request comprises a service profile object generated in the service stratum and indicating data related to the request.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the reservation request comprises an object indicating a requested bandwidth.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the reservation request comprises an object indicating a bi-directional path constraint.
 10. The method of claim 7, wherein the reservation request comprises an object indicating a unidirectional path constraint.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein the reservation request comprises an object indicating a request for a 1+1 protection across the transport stratum.
 12. The method of claim 7, wherein the reservation request further comprises performance constraint object indicating constraints for the reservation request.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the performance constraint object indicates a jitter bound for the request.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the performance constraint object indicates a latency delay bound.
 15. A service stratum gateway comprising: a transmitter configured to send a resource query to a transport stratum gateway via an interface using a cross-stratum optimization protocol (CSOP) between the service stratum gateway and the transport stratum gateway, wherein the service stratum gateway is configured to access application related data and processes in a service stratum comprising a plurality of servers, and wherein the transport stratum gateway is configured to access network related data at a transport stratum including a plurality of network nodes; a receiver configured to receive status data for monitoring, controlling, and managing the transport network from the transport stratum gateway across the interface to enable cross-stratum optimization of application resources and network resources; and a processor coupled to the transmitter and receiver and configured to cause the transmitter to transmit a reservation request to the transport stratum gateway via the interface to reserve a guaranteed bandwidth across the transport network, wherein the reservation request including a path object having a type length value (TLV) field that carries a path identifier identifying a path to be reserved, and the reservation request comprises a service profile indicating a quality of service (QoS) an application requires of the transport network.
 16. The service stratum gateway of claim 15, wherein the reservation request is sent to setup a new path in the transport stratum or modify an existing path in the transport stratum.
 17. The service stratum gateway of claim 15, wherein the resource query is sent to get a status of resources in the transport stratum to perform a cross stratum optimization calculation.
 18. The service stratum gateway of claim 15, wherein the receiver is further configured to receive a response message from the transport stratum gateway via the interface in response to the resource query, the response message comprising a status of resources in the transport stratum.
 19. The service stratum gateway of claim 15, wherein the resource query comprises a source, a destination, a bandwidth, a maximum latency, and a maximum jitter. 